• Facebook
  • Pinterest
  • Instagram
  • YouTube
  • LinkedIn
  • Skip to secondary menu
  • Skip to main content
  • Skip to primary sidebar
  • Skip to footer

Tina's Dynamic Homeschool Plus

Activity, Change, Progress

  • HOME
  • How to
    • Preschool
    • Kindergarten
    • Elementary
      • Geronimo Stilton Books
    • Middle School
    • High School
      • Science 
  • Planner
  • Lapbooks
    • Trioramas
    • History Games
    • LEGO
  • Shop
  • GET STARTED NOW!
    • Learning Styles
  • 7 Step Planner
    • Free Student Planner
    • Free Home Binder
  • Unit Studies
    • Creation to Ancients
      • Mesopotamia
    • Middle Ages to Reform
    • Exploring to Revolution
    • World Wars to Today
    • Science
  • Curriculum
    • More Unit Studies
    • Geography
    • Writing PreK to 12th
    • Free Art Curriculum
  • BootCamp
    • Resources
      • Ultimate Unit Study Planner

Search Results for: planner

Free 2014 Year Around Homeschool Planning Schedule

November 30, 2013 | 4 Comments
This post may contain affiliate links. For more information, please see my full disclosure policy.

I have been enjoying my week visiting with some friends from out of town that are traveling ministers.  But, knowing that we want to move sooner than later to South America, there is no rest for me. I probably won’t settle down until we actually land in South America.

It has not been easy keeping that secret until all of our friends know because my house looks like one big giant flea market right now.

I don’t know exactly when we will move because I can only move so fast with the Mr.

What I do know is that for sure I will keep you posted as we get closer to the date. I know it’s probably a bad time of the year to be packing/moving, but focusing on how good the move will be for the Mr.’s health, I am excited at the same time.

Free 2014 Year Around Homeschool Planning Schedule

Talking about keeping you posted, I do want to give you the heads up on a deal with Family Time Fitness because their Black Friday Sale ends today. Yikes,  I wanted to give this to you earlier, but with all the company and packing, I’m just now getting this to you.Today, I have the year around homeschool schedule for 2014.  Many of you homeschool in other countries that start their school year with the beginning of the physical year, you may pulling your kids out of school just now or you want a new look for your planner, so I went ahead and put together a 2014 year around homeschooling schedule.

2014 Physical Year Around Homeschool Schedule Download here 2014 Physical Year Around Homeschool Planning Schedule.

Remember, I updated this form earlier this year and added the comprehensive key at the bottom. If you don’t remember how to utilize that area, go here to Step 5: Choose Unique Forms because I explain how to use it on that page.

I am going to try to school as best we can with packing too. Sounds like an adventure to me. Do you think I can do it? I hope to stay sane when we arrive in South America so for sure I will go slow.

Now you know why I spent so long on our South America Unit Study.  I will share our next unit study soon.

Hugs and love ya,

2012Tinasignature Day 4. Menu & Venue. 10 days of Planning A Homeschool High School Graduation

Did you miss one of my printables?

Library Resources List
Library Resources List
Homeschool Co-op Schedule Free Form @ Tina's Dynamic Homeschool Plus featured
Homeschool Co-op Schedule Free Form
Scope and Sequence Divider Page feature
Scope and Sequence Divider Page
Grab these Splash and Sassy and Classy covers to begin building your UNIQUE 7 Step Homeschool Planner 300x
Splash and Sassy and Classy Planner Covers
Homeschool Quarter Planning Form - Build Your UNIQUE 7 Step Planner 300x @ Tina's Dynamic Homeschool Plus
Homeschool Quarter Planning Form
grab-this-beautiful-page-for-the-inside-of-your-free-7-step-homeschool-planner-the-color-choice-is-miss-you-300x
Miss Ya Homeschool Planner Inside Title Page
free-rolling-to-do-list-for-your-homeschool-or-blog-planner300x
Free Rolling To-Do List for Your Planner
undated-monthly-diy-calendars-300x
Undated Monthly DIY Calendars
4 PRE-Homeschool Year Planning Pages 350xx
4 PRE-Homeschool Year Planning Pages

4 CommentsFiled Under: 2. My FREE Organizing Printables {Any topic} Tagged With: organizedhomeschool, yeararoundhomeschool

My Free 2014 2 Page Calendar Appointment Keepers are Here

November 17, 2013 | 8 Comments
This post may contain affiliate links. For more information, please see my full disclosure policy.

Free 2014 2 Page Calendar Spread CP @ Tina's Dynamic Homeschool Plus

It’s a disease I am telling you. I get so giddy when it comes time to creating or updating my forms that I can hardly take it.

I normally try to get these to you by December, but this year I am getting them to you a bit early because I just can’t stand making you wait too long.

Forever Blog Cover CP - 3 @ Tinas Dynamic Homeschool Plus

I wanted to give you a peak at what I have been working on too over the last several months. I have been needing a comprehensive blog planner and so I decided to create one. I know not everybody blogs, but if you do, you might give it a look when I’m done. I don’t make deadlines for myself on planners because you know how fussy exacting I am about my printables, but I have set a goal for completing it by the end of the year. I will put it in my estore, but will give you the heads up when it’s ready.

Today, I actually have two options or color choices for you for the 2014 – 2 page per 1 month spread for appointments.

Download Light As Air here.

Download New Beginnings here.

I couldn’t resist naming them or the pun on our slogan. Corny I know, but I like it.

Light as air doesn’t have as much color as New Beginnings. I get overboard loving the color on my calendar and then try to rein myself back in realizing not everybody likes so much color on the calendars.

You know how I feel – I love as much color as I can get, but I gave you the light as air choice in case you are saving your ink for something else.

Guess what? Next post, I will let you in on the secret I have been holding back for months now. It’s time and I am excited to tell you.

Hugs and love ya,

2012Tinasignature Day 3 Homeschool Graduation Invitations–Which Words Matter. 10 days of Planning A Homeschool High School Graduation

Linking to

A Bowl Full of Lemons

Hip Homeschool Hop ButtonSkip To My Lou

8 CommentsFiled Under: 2. My FREE Organizing Printables {Any topic} Tagged With: freecalendars

Free Homeschool Community Service Planning Record

October 22, 2013 | 11 Comments
This post may contain affiliate links. For more information, please see my full disclosure policy.

I have a homeschool community service planning form. Also, look my page DIY Best Student Planner. Also, look at DIY 7 Step Curriculum Planner and my page Homeschool Planner for more forms which easily can be used here.

One need that was real obvious to me right away was something to track his community service.

Sure he can write it down in his student planner, but “I” needed to track it too so I had a clear idea on the hours for record keeping purposes.

Free Homeschool Community Service Planning Record

I just couldn’t wait. I had to share a picture or two because I just got back the graduation party pictures and I have a new planning page that I am excited to get into your little hands also.

Updated Robertson Family Picture

At least now I have an updated family picture and loved how this one turned out.

10 Days of Plannning Homeschool Highschool Graduation

I have a few more to share with you and then the rest I want to  show you when I start my 10 days of planning a homeschool high school graduation.

HOMESCHOOL COMMUNITY SERVICE PLANNING RECORD

I have MUCH to tell you about what to do and what not to do when planning. Plus, I need to tell you about it when its fresh on my mind.

Mr. Senior 2013

Here is the graduation picture that I am loving. I like it the best of the “official” cap and gown ones, but he did have some taken outside too.

Graduation Picture outside
Mr. Senior 2013 Graduation Picture outside

Another project I had reeling around in my head for new followers and maybe not so new followers is to explain the steps for my planning pages. I

I want to show you what constantly is going on in my mind as I continue to build the planning pages. And I will put this new visual on my blog so that hopefully  nobody gets overwhelmed as I continue to have ideas for new forms swirl around in my head.

7 Steps to Planning a DIY Homeschool Curriculum Planner @ Tinas Dynamic Homeschool Plus1

COMMUNITY SERVICE PLANNING RECORD

Too because I realize I needed some new forms as I was record keeping for Mr. Senior 2013 through the last four years, I will slowly be sharing those as  I go along too.

Free Homeschool Community Service Planning Record. Need a way to track your teen's volunteer hours or community service? You'll love this AWESOME form! Click here to download it.

So here is the latest form for your highschooler. Too, some states require more intensive record keeping and so if you are doing anything to give back to your community and you need to track it for your children because it counts as school, this form will work for you.

It is a 7 day week because a lot of times community service is done on the weekends too. I have 2 slots on each day which is just enough room to jot down the total hours or time spent and a simple note for the type of service. Then a total for that week is at the bottom. Use the larger box at the very top for the total monthly time spent.

If you need more room and there was a specific community project or you are doing something different each week, then use the long dotted line out beside the week to make more notes for  the project.

By keeping this a monthly form, you can print off as many or as few as you need. In other words, you may not be doing something for the whole year.

I have a bit of color creating withdrawal lately so this satisfies my color craving for just a short time anyway. I LOVE color and hope you do too.

HOW TO DOWNLOAD THE FREE COMMUNITY SERVICE RECORD

Now, how to grab the freebie.  It’s a subscriber freebie.

That means when you sign up to follow me, you get my emails in your inbox and you get this freebie.

1) CLICK HERE ON THIS LINK TO SIGN UP ON MY EMAIL LIST & TO GET THIS FREEBIE.

2) Grab the freebie instantly.

3) Last, look for all my emails in your inbox. Glad to have you following me!

You’ll love reading these other tips about high school. 10 Days of Planning a Homeschool High School Graduation, 3 Ways to Homeschool the BIGS (a.k.a. Older Kids) and How to Grade a Homeschool Unit Study for an Older Child (& high school assessment).

Luv ya, hope you like the new form and our latest family picture.

Hugs

 

11 CommentsFiled Under: 2. My FREE Organizing Printables {Any topic}, Homeschool Planner, Homeschool Teens _ From Teen to Graduation, Student Planners Tagged With: high school, high school electives, homeschool, homeschool curriculum planner, homeschool highschool, homeschoolhighschool, teens

5 Days Of The Benefits & Challenges of Teaching Mixed Ages Together – Day 5: Tips For Homeschooling Multiple Grades

October 16, 2013 | 2 Comments
This post may contain affiliate links. For more information, please see my full disclosure policy.

This is fay 5, tips for homeschooling multiple grades. Also, look at my page The Dynamics of How to Homeschool Easily and Smarter for more tips.

I love sharing nitty gritty blog posts with you. 

I know thee practical know how can help you to smooth out one day. Or if helps you to leap into trying something new, it is worth it to me.

5 Days Of The Benefits & Challenges of Teaching Mixed Ages Together – Day 5: Tips For Homeschooling Multiple Grades

We do need to learn to let go of the thinking that children need to be segregated by age. 

Its not easy and by nature we fight it.

We are so very aware of the fact that the educational future of our children is in our direct hands.

However, I think knowing we are not trekking alone empowers us.

So the nitty gritty of homeschooling multiple grade levels can be reduced to 3 practical and lasting tips.

Nuts and Bolts Of How To Homeschool Multiple Grades – Read Aloud First

Reading aloud is my number one help mate. Yep, it’s not laid out curriculum, well initially anyway.

Building back ground information on the subject gives you a direction.

From there, you can decide a subject.

Not only that, the whole purpose in teaching together is so that each of your children can delight in what interests them.

So I look for a book on a topic

  • that spans many grades or ages.
  • that covers just that topic. It’s unlike a text book which can veer off the main topic you are trying to teach.
  • that includes some hands-on activities.
  • that teaches a content subject.
Homeschooling Multiple Children Secret Planning Sheet Tinas Dynamic Homeschool Plus Copy thum 5 Days Of The Benefits & Challenges of Teaching Mixed Ages Together – Day 4: Embrace Homeschooling Multiple Grades

Remember from my form above, right away you can see which subjects you can teach together.

How to Get the Free Homeschooling Multiple Children Secret Planning Sheet

Now, how to grab the free form. This is a subscriber freebie.

 1) Sign up on my list.
2) Grab the freebie now.
3) Last, look for all my emails in your inbox. Glad to have you following me!

For example, look at his book I used for teaching the rainforest.

The title is Discover the Amazon.

It spanned many ages, had lots of sub-topics, vocabulary was marked throughout the book AND it had 20 activities to choose from. You can look at it here.

Too, living books are some of the best books to encourage a love of learning and to get excited about teaching a subject together.

You can take a look at my boards on Pinterest too for living books, but really just putting your hands on them and viewing them is the best way to see if they will work for you.

  • Living Books Geography
  • Living Books History
  • Living Books Science
  • Living Books Math

Reading  – Then to Grade Level Lesson Plan

After reading, you want to actually turn that material or background information into workable lesson plans.

This may seem scary at first, but remember the insider’s tip to homeschooling multiple children is that we are focusing on just the content subjects.

Does it matter if your lesson plan ends up being too easy or too much? Try again until you get it right on target for your children’s age.

You can NOT mess up content subjects AND you always can revise your lesson plans the next month, the next year or even the next day.

More Homeschooling Multiple Ages Tips

  • 65 Best Teaching Tips for Embracing Homeschooling Multiple Ages
  • 6 Best Homeschool Hacks Teaching Multi-Aged Children
  • 26 Nature Unit Studies for Multiple Ages
  • 5 Days Of The Benefits & Challenges of Teaching Mixed Ages Together – Day 4: Embrace Homeschooling Multiple Grades
  • 5 Days Of The Benefits & Challenges of Teaching Mixed Ages Together – Day 5: Tips For Homeschooling Multiple Grades

I get my ideas from many sources, but my main source of inspiration is my children.

As we are reading, I am noting or highlighting (yep I highlight my books, probably a bad habit, but it works for me) in the book what they find interesting or are talking about with me.

For a library book, having a pad of sticky notes works too.

Also, look at the chapters on the book because they are your main ideas or objectives. Too, the index of words gives you an idea of where to head on your lesson plan if your children are too small to mouth their choice. You CAN do this!

A specific example of how I have done this is on Chapter 1: What is the Amazon? For my youngest children,  I just explained from the book what is a rain forest and they did a minibook.

For my oldest, I had him compare/contrast to a temperate rain forest and turned that into a table.

To me, that is very basic information of studying the rain forest because we have to know what it is.

It doesn’t matter their grades if you have never learned about it. So go in as much depth as your children want to.

More Homeschooling Multiple Ages Tips

  • 65 Best Teaching Tips for Embracing Homeschooling Multiple Ages
  • 5 Days Of The Benefits & Challenges of Teaching Mixed Ages Together – Day 5: Tips For Homeschooling Multiple Grades
  • How to Choose the Perfect Homeschool Planner for Multiple Students
  • 26 Free Nature Unit Studies for Multiple Ages
  • 5 Days Of The Benefits & Challenges of Teaching Mixed Ages Together – Day 4: Embrace Homeschooling Multiple Grades

Skill Subject Laid Out Lesson Plans Equals Simplified Homeschooling

I can remember the time when I started homeschooling and it wasn’t really called doing your own teaching unless you prepared every single subject.

I am hoping never to return to those insane days because life is very different now.

Too, we just have many wonderful curriculum providers to choose from that there should be very little stress because  we do  have choices for math and language arts.

Using something out laid to cover the skill subjects is the trick and secret to honing your teaching and making the time count when homeschooling multiple grades.

Don’t get me wrong, I still feel like learning math, vocabulary words or spelling in the context of what you’re learning about is not disjointed teaching and has long term practical value.

I do tend to assign copy work and vocabulary words for what we are learning about because I want my children immersed in the subject, but that is not the only way to do it.

Reading aloud, making lesson plans on content subject eases the teaching time and using laid out curriculum for skill subjects are the top 3 survival tools of homeschooling multiple grades.

As you can see sometimes we are together when we are covering content subjects and maybe not so much when covering skill subjects. Too, some separation is needed so that the younger children do not get overshadowed by the work of the older children.

It is natural for our kids to compare themselves to each other, but it is our job to be sure we nurture them in their own unique talents.

This means separate time for the little ones so they can shine and not be overshadowed.

The one room school house is still alive and well in homeschooling today though it has its challenges, the rewards are well worth it.

You know I love you much and hope you enjoyed this series.

What do you struggle with when teaching your children together?

Read the other posts in this series:

  • One Room Schools – A Thing of the Past? Day 1
  • Benefits Of Homeschooling Together Day 2
  • Challenges of Teaching Kids Together Day 3
  • Embrace Homeschooling Multiple Grades Day 4
  • Tips For Homeschooling Multiple Grades Day 5
5 Days Of The Benefits & Challenges of Teaching Mixed Ages Together – Day 5: Tips For Homeschooling Multiple Grades
5 Days Of The Benefits & Challenges of Teaching Mixed Ages Together – Day 5: Tips For Homeschooling Multiple Grades
5 Days Of The Benefits & Challenges of Teaching Mixed Ages Together – Day 5: Tips For Homeschooling Multiple Grades
5 Days Of The Benefits & Challenges of Teaching Mixed Ages Together – Day 5: Tips For Homeschooling Multiple Grades
5 Days Of The Benefits & Challenges of Teaching Mixed Ages Together – Day 5: Tips For Homeschooling Multiple Grades

2 CommentsFiled Under: Benefits & Challenges of Teaching Mixed Ages Together, Homeschool Multiple Ages of Children Tagged With: teachingmultiplechildren

5 Days Of The Benefits & Challenges of Teaching Mixed Ages Together – Day 4: Embrace Homeschooling Multiple Grades

October 10, 2013 | 5 Comments
This post may contain affiliate links. For more information, please see my full disclosure policy.

Today, I have day 4 embrace homeschooling multiple grades. Also, grab more ideas on my page How to Homeschool.

Would you think I was insane if I told you that the word excited is a pretty poor adjective to describe how I really feel about homeschooling my children together?

I promise I have no “keep me on a homeschooling high” vitamin, but I feel at times that the unequaled joy and sheer satisfaction of seeing the blessing of your hard work gets overshadowed by the process.

5 Days Of The Benefits & Challenges of Teaching Mixed Ages Together – Day 4: Embrace Homeschooling Multiple Grades

Because homeschooling multiple children can be hard work, I think about this quote; something worth having or in our case worth doing is worth waiting for.

It reminds me of labor in a way (sorry guys I have to go there today). There is a reason it is called labor regardless of how long you were actually laboring.

For me, none of my sons were born easy or in a few short hours.

The Mr. and I spent more time reading books about the how to process and taking all those breathing classes and relaxation classes than we did visualizing what the actual moment was going to feel like when we held our firstborn in our arms.

As I share these tips today and on Day 5 on the how to of homeschooling multiple grades, I want you to “go there” and spend time imagining what you want from the end of your journey for each of your children.

Teaching Children At the Same Time – Insane?

It doesn’t mean it won’t be hard.

One of the most common mistakes or misunderstandings about teaching multiple grades is thinking that we have to sit all of our kids down together in front of us and teach them at the same time. 

While it’s easier to do this when they are very young, it gets harder to do as they get older.

An insider’s tip to teaching multiple grades is to remember that you are teaching multiple lesson plans on one topic.

A big difference.

So this means you have to know when to teach together at the same time and know when to teach separately.

Your time as the teacher is better spent because you are studying, focusing or gathering facts and resources for one topic, i.e: American Civil War, Inventions or Authors, but creating multiple lesson plans for each grade. Do you see the difference?

Can you see where you may become an expert along with your children on a topic because you have spanned several grade levels teaching one theme?

Give yourself some credit because a public school teacher may only teach one to maybe 3 grades during his or her career, but NOT you.

Master the School Subjects

When helping new and some not so new homeschoolers, I see scrolling huge lists of subjects they want to cover. 

I am going to tell you about how to master the school subjects when teaching children together and some tips on how to know when to teach at the same time and when not to.

But before I can do that you need to understand how to categorize school subjects.

Math

Language Arts

Bible

Everything Else

 Grammar History
 Reading Science
 Writing Art
 Spelling  

Above is the secret formula. EVERYTHING you want to teach should fit into one of these general categories on this list.

Math and language arts are considered skill subjects and this means that its very important to understand how you teach these subjects or rather how you build on each concept.

For example, along with reading to your child, it is important to teach phonics. It is hard to learn to spell unless you have a systematic way of teaching phonemic awareness which is a fancy way of saying that your child needs to associate letters with sounds.

Too, do you skip right to algebra without learning addition? Teaching these subjects in a systematic order will avoid some of the gaps we all fear.

Content subjects like history or science won’t hamper your child’s future reading ability if he understands the parts of a cell in 5th or 7th grade.

It doesn’t matter if he covers the American Civil War in 6th grade or 9th grade. Content subjects don’t really need grade levels. You just cover them to your child’s delight and interest.

More Homeschooling Multiple Ages Tips

  • 65 Best Teaching Tips for Embracing Homeschooling Multiple Ages
  • 6 Best Homeschool Hacks Teaching Multi-Aged Children
  • 26 Nature Unit Studies for Multiple Ages
  • 5 Days Of The Benefits & Challenges of Teaching Mixed Ages Together – Day 4: Embrace Homeschooling Multiple Grades
  • 5 Days Of The Benefits & Challenges of Teaching Mixed Ages Together – Day 5: Tips For Homeschooling Multiple Grades
  • How to Choose the Perfect Homeschool Planner for Multiple Students

Grade levels were assigned back in the day to equal work load and the depth of information to cover. Unless, it’s high school, you can cover as lightly or as in-depth as you want to.

Even in high school you have some leeway but that is another topic we can talk about later.

I have added in Bible too because most of us are homeschooling for Bible based reasons and it is part of our critical foundation so it deserves a separate column.

Now, take ALL of your resources and fit them into one of the columns. I have made it easy for you.

5 Days Of The Benefits & Challenges of Teaching Mixed Ages Together – Day 4: Embrace Homeschooling Multiple Grades

I have created a form for what I visualize in my mind when organizing subjects.

Like the track your week form, this too is a working form. In other words, it is a way of seeing all of your curriculum resources that you have or want to use, what it covers and what subject area it falls under.

You can’t embrace homeschooling multiple children when covering all of the subjects may be a fog.

5 Days Of The Benefits & Challenges of Teaching Mixed Ages Together – Day 4: Embrace Homeschooling Multiple Grades

Here is a sample of how to fill it out. Just add ALL of your resources, and pencil in your child’s name if you want to and check the box that applies to that subject.

How to Get the Free Homeschooling Multiple Children Secret Planning Sheet

Now, how to grab the free form. This is a subscriber freebie.

Just follow the steps below.

1) Sign up on my list.

2) Grab the freebie now.

3) Last, look for all my emails in your inbox. Glad to have you following me!

Let’s look realistically at how to do this. If you are not sure where a subject goes, give me a holler because ALL of the subjects fit into these categories.

You know me, I always give you time to mull over my blog posts so take your time.

Switching subjects on you, I will be thinking about you this weekend but we are expecting family from out of town for our Texas Hoe Down Graduation. Even though we had to wait until now to celebrate, it is so much more special since the Mr. is feeling back to his old self.

Here is a quote I am inspired by today as I am thinking about the process of refining how to teach our children.

“You must have long range goals to keep you from being frustrated by short range failures.”

~ Charles C. Noble ~

Hugs and you know I love ya,

Read the other posts in this series:

  • One Room Schools – A Thing of the Past? Day 1
  • Benefits Of Homeschooling Together Day 2
  • Challenges of Teaching Kids Together Day 3
  • Embrace Homeschooling Multiple Grades Day 4
  • Tips For Homeschooling Multiple Grades Day 5
5 Days Of The Benefits & Challenges of Teaching Mixed Ages Together – Day 4: Embrace Homeschooling Multiple Grades
5 Days Of The Benefits & Challenges of Teaching Mixed Ages Together – Day 4: Embrace Homeschooling Multiple Grades
5 Days Of The Benefits & Challenges of Teaching Mixed Ages Together – Day 4: Embrace Homeschooling Multiple Grades
5 Days Of The Benefits & Challenges of Teaching Mixed Ages Together – Day 4: Embrace Homeschooling Multiple Grades
5 Days Of The Benefits & Challenges of Teaching Mixed Ages Together – Day 4: Embrace Homeschooling Multiple Grades

5 CommentsFiled Under: 2. My FREE Organizing Printables {Any topic}, Benefits & Challenges of Teaching Mixed Ages Together, Homeschool Multiple Ages of Children Tagged With: homeschoolmultiplechildren planning forms

  • « Go to Previous Page
  • Page 1
  • Interim pages omitted …
  • Page 82
  • Page 83
  • Page 84
  • Page 85
  • Page 86
  • Interim pages omitted …
  • Page 91
  • Go to Next Page »

Primary Sidebar

Footer

Privacy Policy | About Me | Reviews | Contact | Advertise

Categories

Archives

Tina Robertson is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon.com. As an Amazon Associate, I earn from qualifying purchases.

Copyright © 2026 · 5 TNT LLC · Log in · Privacy Policy