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Fun Anatomy Activities For High School & How To Make An Easy Skin Layer Model

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We’re doing some fun anatomy activities for high school, including an easy skin layer model that will have your teen digging below the surface ( of skin that is). And look at my page How to Choose the Right Homeschool High School Science for more fun teen ideas.

Also, look at my Human Body Lapbook and Fun Unit Study and Human Body Crafts for Kids Who Love Hands-on Learning for more fun ideas.

Anatomy may include memorizing long vocabulary lists and labeling diagrams, but it can also be a lot more fun than that.

Fun Anatomy Activities For High School & How To Make An Easy Skin Layer Model

In fact, when high school students get hands-on with the human body’s structures and functions, they not only remember the details better, but they also enjoy the process of learning.

Besides, high school students learn best when they’re actively involved.

Anatomy is a subject filled with detail like layers, systems, and complex interactions.

MORE HOW TO CHOOSE THE RIGHT HOMESCHOOL HIGH SCHOOL SCIENCE

HUMAN BODY GAMES

Next, look at some resources for high school.

12 Human Body Games for Middle & High School Students

Middle and high school kids need a break from reading and playing games to learn science is the perfect supplement and break.

Next, look at each of the 3 skins layers. You learn what they are made up of, and what their function is.

SKIN LAYERS 101

THE EPIDERMIS

The epidermis is the thinnest layer of the skin, but it’s packed with important functions.

It is made up of stratified squamous epithelial cells arranged in several sub-layers.

The most important is the stratum basale (where new skin cells are produced). The stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum (where cells begin to harden), and the stratum corneum (the tough outer layer of dead cells that eventually flake off).

This constant cycle of cell turnover takes about 28 days in healthy skin.

The epidermis is also home to melanocytes, cells that produce melanin to protect against UV radiation, and Langerhans cells, which are part of the immune system and help defend against pathogens.

Even though the epidermis has no blood vessels, it gets oxygen and nutrients via diffusion from the dermis below.

THE DERMIS

Beneath the epidermis lies the thicker dermis. It is divided into two regions. There is the papillary dermis (upper layer) and the reticular dermis (deeper layer).

The papillary dermis contains small blood vessels and capillaries that feed the epidermis, as well as nerve endings that sense touch, pain, and temperature.

This layer also forms dermal papillae — tiny ridges that create fingerprints. The reticular dermis is made of dense connective tissue that provides skin with strength and elasticity.

Fun Anatomy Activities For High School & How To Make An Easy Skin Layer Model

It contains larger blood vessels, sweat glands (eccrine and apocrine), sebaceous (oil) glands, hair follicles, lymphatic vessels, and the deeper nerve receptors. Collagen and elastin fibers in this layer allow the skin to stretch and return to shape, which is why the dermis plays a key role in wound healing.

THE HYPODERMIS

The hypodermis, or subcutaneous tissue, lies beneath the dermis and anchors the skin to underlying muscles and bones. It is made mostly of adipose (fat) tissue and loose connective tissue.

The fat in the hypodermis serves as insulation to regulate body temperature, energy storage for metabolism, and shock absorption to protect vital organs.

This layer is also rich in larger blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, which connect the skin to the rest of the body’s circulatory and immune systems.

Because of its fat content, the hypodermis thickness can vary greatly between individuals and different areas of the body.

Now, here are some fun and educational anatomy activities for high school students

MORE FUN ANATOMY ACTIVITIES FOR HIGH SCHOOL

Next, here is a step-by-step project for making a skin layer model out of craft felt as a highlight.

HOW TO MAKE AN EASY SKIN LAYER MODEL

One of the most fascinating anatomy topics is the body’s largest organ: the skin. The skin protects, regulates, and senses the world around us.

This project helps students understand the three main skin layers (epidermis, dermis, hypodermis) as well as their structures, like glands, follicles, and nerves.

You will need:

  • Craft felt in various colors
  • Scissors
  • Hot glue gun or fabric glue
  • Cardboard base for stability
  • Cardstock or 3×5 for labeling
Fun Anatomy Activities For High School & How To Make An Easy Skin Layer Model

First, start by cutting a cardboard base the size you would like your model.

Cut 3 different colors of felt the same size as the cardboard base for each of the 3 layers, we chose yellow, pink, and tan.

Fun Anatomy Activities For High School & How To Make An Easy Skin Layer Model

Use the yellow felt section for the hypodermis, which provides insulation and energy storage.

You can cut 2 or 3 to stack and make it thicker if you like to more closely emulate the thickness of this layer compared to others, and then hot glue onto the cardboard base.

HUMAN SKIN LAYER MODEL FOR TEENS

Hot glue pink or red felt on top of the hypodermis to create the dermis which contains blood vessels, nerves, and hair follicles.

Run the hot glue just along the edge of one side so that you can fold it back and see each layer beneath.

Fun Anatomy Activities For High School & How To Make An Easy Skin Layer Model

Use beige felt for the epidermis, the thin outermost layer, and glue it down just along the same side you glued your last layer.

Cut a couple of small holes in this layer.

Fun Anatomy Activities For High School & How To Make An Easy Skin Layer Model

Thread your “hairs” through them and glue them into place in the middle, dermis layer, where hair follicles would be.

Fun Anatomy Activities For High School & How To Make An Easy Skin Layer Model

Cut very thin, small details for your felt, or you can use string or pipe cleaners to create blood vessels, nerve endings, and sweat glands using different colors.

Fun Anatomy Activities For High School & How To Make An Easy Skin Layer Model

Secure your blood vessels, sweat glands, and nerves on the dermis layer as well with hot glue.

Fun Anatomy Activities For High School & How To Make An Easy Skin Layer Model

Next, create labels and add a little color or drawing to help identify them if you like.

Fun Anatomy Activities For High School & How To Make An Easy Skin Layer Model

Once everything dries, you can flip those layers back and forth.

Fun Anatomy Activities For High School & How To Make An Easy Skin Layer Model

Finally, place the layers in the correct spot on the model.

A Beginner’s Guide To 1st Year High School Science Subject

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This post may contain affiliate links. For more information, please see my full disclosure policy.

If you are planning your freshman’s 1st year high school science subjects you are in the right place for loads of great information and resources. And look at my page How to Choose the Right Homeschool High School Science for more fun teen ideas

Starting high school science at home can feel both exciting and intimidating. Ninth grade marks the transition from middle school’s broad, general science into deeper, more formal studies.

This is where students begin learning science in a structured way with labs, textbooks, and connections to math and critical thinking.

A Beginner's Guide To 1st Year High School Science Subject

Because you’re homeschooling, the good news is that you don’t have to do it exactly like a public school.

You can choose the path that fits your student’s interests, abilities, and future plans, while still giving them a strong academic foundation.

The first year of high school science is about building a foundation, not perfection. Whether your homeschooler starts with Biology, Physical Science, or Earth Science, the goal is to nurture curiosity, critical thinking, and confidence. 

With the right balance of structured lessons and hands-on exploration, your student will be well-prepared for Chemistry, Physics, and advanced sciences in the years to come.

MORE HOW TO CHOOSE THE RIGHT HOMESCHOOL HIGH SCHOOL SCIENCE

WHAT MAKES HIGH SCHOOL SCIENCE DIFFERENT

High school science is usually taken in a 3- or 4-year sequence, often beginning with Biology.

Colleges expect to see at least three lab sciences on a transcript: Biology, Chemistry, and Physics. Some students also add Earth Science, Environmental Science, or Anatomy.

I have put together a beginner’s guide to 1st year high school science for homeschoolers.

I’ve included course options, typical topics, and helpful tips for making science engaging and doable at home, whether you are looking for the basics, family style, or advanced.

The first year sets the tone. It teaches students how to write lab reports, use scientific vocabulary, and connect science with real-world problems.

More importantly, it helps them gain confidence for the harder courses that come later.

  • Moving into high school science comes with a few big changes:
  • Critical Thinking & Application – The focus shifts from memorization to analysis, reasoning, and problem-solving.
  • More Formal Labs – Students should learn to follow lab procedures, record results, and write reports.
  • Math Skills Matter – While Biology requires less math, Physical Science and Chemistry rely on equations.
  • Textbooks or Online Curriculum – Students begin reading and learning from structured resources.

COMMON 9TH GRADE SCIENCE OPTIONS

 (The most common choice)- Biology is the study of life in all its forms, from tiny bacteria to giant ecosystems.

BIOLOGY

Most schools (and many homeschoolers) choose this as the 9th-grade science course because it doesn’t require advanced math skills.

Suggested Biology Curriculum:

A Beginner's Guide To 1st Year High School Science Subject

Topics Covered in Biology:

  • Cell Biology- Learning the structure and function of cells, DNA, and organelles.
  • Genetics- How traits are passed on, Punnett squares, DNA replication, and mutations.
  • Evolution & Classification- How species change over time and how organisms are grouped.
  • Plants & Photosynthesis- Plant systems and how they make food using sunlight.
  • Human Anatomy & Physiology- Overview of the body’s systems and how they work together.
  • Ecology- Relationships between organisms, food chains, and environmental impact.
  • Lab Work- Microscopy, osmosis, DNA extraction, and optional dissections.

* If dissections aren’t appealing, many curriculum providers offer virtual labs, detailed diagrams, or alternatives using models.

PHYSICAL SCIENCE

Physical Science introduces students to basic physics and chemistry concepts.

Some families choose this as a steppingstone before moving into Biology, Chemistry, and Physics, going more in depth than they did in elementary.

Suggested Physical Science Curriculum

Topics Covered in Physical Science:

  • Matter & Atoms – Building blocks of matter, atomic structure, and molecules.
  • The Periodic Table – How elements are organized and why their properties matter.
  • Forces & Motion – Newton’s laws, gravity, and everyday applications like cars and sports.
  • Energy – Heat, electricity, magnetism, and conservation of energy.
  • Waves & Sound – The science of light, sound, and wave properties.
  • Intro to Chemistry – Simple reactions, acids and bases, balancing equations.

*This course pairs well with lots of hands-on activities—baking soda and vinegar reactions, balloon rockets, homemade electromagnets, and simple circuits.

EARTH & SPACE SCIENCE

Earth Science can also serve as a 9th-grade option, especially for students interested in astronomy, geology, or environmental studies.

Suggested Earth & Space Curriculum

Topics Covered in Earth Science:

  • Earth’s Structure – Layers of the Earth, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes.
  • Rocks & Minerals – Identifying rocks, understanding the rock cycle, and practical uses of minerals.
  • Weather & Climate – Clouds, storms, air pressure, and climate change basics.
  • Oceans – Tides, currents, and marine ecosystems.
  • Astronomy – Solar system, stars, galaxies, and space exploration.
  • Environmental Science – Human impact on ecosystems and sustainable living.

*Earth Science is a fantastic choice if you enjoy outdoor learning. Rock hunts, stargazing, weather journals, and local field trips make this subject come alive.

Finally, look at these general tips.

FIRST YEAR HIGH SCHOOL SCIENCE TIPS

  • Keep Records- Save lab reports, quizzes, and grades to build a strong transcript
  • Pick the Right Starting Point- Biology is the most common, but if your student struggles with reading-heavy material, starting with Physical Science might be better.
  • Don’t Stress About Labs- Simple kitchen science, microscope kits, or online virtual labs count! Keep lab notebooks as part of your transcript.
  • Encourage Independent Learning- High school teens should begin taking responsibility for reading, note-taking, and managing assignments.
  • Use Resources Beyond the Textbook- Documentaries, YouTube science channels, podcasts, and local science museums make learning engaging.

High School Science Movies for Homeschoolers

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This post may contain affiliate links. For more information, please see my full disclosure policy.

High school science movies for homeschoolers are a great way to set the stage for a new science topic or to bring it to a close. And look at my page How to Choose the Right Homeschool High School Science for more fun teen ideas.

Science doesn’t have to be confined to a textbook or a worksheet.

Science movies can spark interest, provoke discussion, and offer real-world examples of scientific principles.

High School Science Movies for Homeschoolers

Below is a curated list of science-themed movies that cover biology, chemistry, physics, environmental science, and more, as well as a quick explanation for what each science encompasses.

Some are documentaries, some just movies made for entertainment, but they open up the floor for wonderful discussions about possibilities, moral dilemmas and spark interest for deeper learning in various science topics.

MORE HOW TO CHOOSE THE RIGHT HOMESCHOOL HIGH SCHOOL SCIENCE

WAYS TO MORE THAN JUST WATCH HIGH SCHOOL SCIENCE MOVIES

Watch & Discuss-Use these movies to spark dialogue, write essays, or even create presentations. Ask questions like “Do you think that was ethical”, “How would you have done this differently?”, “Is there research to prove that?”, etc.…

Create a Movie Notebook- Have your child keep a notebook or journal of their reactions, ratings, summaries, and research follow-up questions.

Assign by Unit-Match movies with units like Space, Genetics, Climate, or Famous Scientists. Have them compare and contrast movies. While its not an exhaustive list I have several suggestions for each topic.

High School Science Movies for Homeschoolers

Also, look at my posts Free and Useful Editable Movie Report For Homeschool and Creative Free Editable Movie Lesson Plan Template for Homeschooling to use with the movies.

Also, look at more homeschool high school science.

MORE HOMESCHOOL HIGH SCHOOL SCIENCE

12 High School Science Movies

Grab some popcorn, a sweet treat, and enjoy the unique experience of homeschooling your high school teen in a new way.

Marine Science Experiments For High School Made Easy

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This post may contain affiliate links. For more information, please see my full disclosure policy.

Marine science experiments for high school are a wonderful way to teach your child about life in the vast oceans. And look at my page How to Choose the Right Homeschool High School Science for more fun teen ideas.

Also, look at my page Oceans Unit Study and Lapbook and Seashore Beach Watching Unit Study and Seashore Lapbook for more fun ideas.

Homeschooling high school marine biology may seem intimidating, but it doesn’t have to be. Much like the younger years, your child can benefit from fun hands-on activities.

Marine Science Experiments For High School Made Easy

But instead of ocean-themed sensory bins, it might look more like dissecting a starfish, testing the salinity of water, or experimenting with the effects of sunscreen on coral.

Marine science is an important topic because the ocean covers more than 70% of Earth’s surface and is home to countless fascinating creatures and ecosystems.

For high school students, studying marine science opens a window into biology, chemistry, physics, and environmental science.

MORE HOW TO CHOOSE THE RIGHT HOMESCHOOL HIGH SCHOOL SCIENCE

MARINE BIOLOGY BOOKS FOR HIGH SCHOOL

First, look at some of these books to add to your marine science experiments.

8 Marine Biology Books for Teens

Choose a few of these ocean themed books to go along with your study of the Oceans. Whether you're looking for a spine for a unit study or literature, you'll love this roundup.

Marine science helps students understand how oceans shape our planet. The ocean regulates weather, supports diverse food webs, and produces more than half of the oxygen we breathe.

Too, marine science develops skills in critical thinking, data collection, and observation, which are core components of scientific inquiry.

Further, marine science doesn’t require a full lab or ocean access—just creativity. High school students can design their own experiments using basic household items, record their observations, and discuss their findings.

Encourage them to keep a lab notebook, take photos of each stage, and connect their results to real-world marine issues like coral bleaching or pollution.

MARINE SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS FOR HIGH SCHOOL

Now look at some marine science experiments.

There are many fun hands-on experiments out there that your high school teen can perform to learn about the ocean and the life within.

 For our marine biology this year, the main one we opted for was Marine Biology Dissection Specimens and another kit we had to investigate firsthand the structure inside and out of a few ocean creatures.

We also added a Dissection Kit because our specimens did not included any tools.

Our specimens included a dogfish shark, a starfish, a clam, as well as Brine shrimp eggs, a natural sponge, a coral specimen, and dried sea fireflies.

I am going to give you a few ides for how to experiment each one.

Dogfish Shark- The dogfish shark is a small species of shark commonly used in marine biology because it’s easy to handle and offers a clear view of many organ systems.

  • Examine the gills-note how water flows over them to extract oxygen.
  • Follow the path from mouth to stomach to spiral intestine and learn how this carnivorous fish digests its food.
  • How do a shark’s adaptations-like fins, teeth, and sensory organs—show careful design for life as a predator?

Starfish- Starfish, or sea stars, are incredible examples of regeneration and radial symmetry.

  • Observe the five arms radiating from the center and locate the tiny tube feet underneath.
  • Water Vascular System: This unique system controls movement and feeding using water pressure, an amazing engineering feature.
  • Discuss how starfish can regrow lost arms, and what that says about resilience in marine ecosystems.
  • Dissect one arm to trace how the water vascular canals extend through the body.

SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS FOR TEENS

Clam- The clam gives students a look at mollusk anatomy—creatures that live inside protective shells and use muscular feet to burrow into sand or mud.

  • Examine the two shells (valves) and the strong hinge that keeps them closed.
  • Inside, identify the gills, foot, and mantle.
  • Clams are filter feeders; watch how their gills are designed to trap tiny food particles from the water.
  • Have students sketch the clam’s internal organs and label each part. Compare how a clam’s slow, protected lifestyle contrasts with the active dogfish shark.

Coral- Coral might look like a rock, but it’s actually made of tiny living animals called polyps that build calcium carbonate skeletons.

Explore why coral reefs are threatened by pollution and climate change, and brainstorm small ways your family can help protect marine life.

Use a magnifying glass to examine the tiny holes where polyps once lived.

Discuss how coral reefs are biodiversity hotspots, providing shelter and food for countless species.

Marine Science Experiments For High School Made Easy

MORE MARINE SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS FOR HIGH SCHOOL

Marine Biology and Ecosystems

  •  Use a clear 2-liter bottle, gravel, saltwater, small plants, and brine shrimp or snails to create a small self-sustaining ecosystem.
  • Add layers of sand and gravel, fill with saltwater, and include small aquatic plants.
  • Introduce tiny marine animals and observe how they interact over time.

Students learn about food chains, oxygen production, and how ecosystems rely on balance to survive.

Ocean Acidification and Chemistry

  • Fill two jars: one with plain water and one with vinegar.
  • Place seashells or bits of chalk in both.
  • Compare how they change over several days.

This simulates how increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere leads to more acidic oceans, harming shell-building organisms like coral and clams.

Marine Pollution and Environmental Science

  • Fill a container with water, add a few drops of vegetable oil, and try to clean it using cotton balls, spoons, or dish soap.
  • Experiment with different methods and record which works best.

This activity helps students understand how difficult it is to clean up oil spills and the importance of prevention and environmental care.

  • Watch ocean documentaries (like Blue Planet or The Deep).
  • Explore virtual marine labs or ocean databases (NOAA, Smithsonian Ocean Portal).
  • Research marine careers—biologists, oceanographers, and conservationists.

Sciencing has rounded up some great ideas for lab activities, experiments, and college credits.

High School Marine Life Art Ideas & Easy Eagle Ray Art

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This post may contain affiliate links. For more information, please see my full disclosure policy.

There is an ocean of marine life art ideas to turn a simple science unit into something beautiful. All the while much can be learned about the creatures who make their home in the water. And look at my page How to Choose the Right Homeschool High School Science for more fun teen ideas.

Too, look at my page Oceans Unit Study and Lapbook. And my page Free Art Unit & Curriculum Grades 1 – 8  for more ideas.

The ocean is a world full of mystery, beauty, and inspiration.

High School Marine Life Art Ideas & Easy Eagle Ray Art

From the tiniest of plankton to massive whales, marine life offers endless possibilities for your highschooler to express himself through art.

Studying ocean creatures not only connects them to the wonders of biology and ecology, but it also provides an opportunity to explore color, texture, form, and movement through hands-on creative projects.

Below, you’ll find a variety of marine life art ideas perfect for high school homeschoolers. These projects encourage both scientific curiosity and artistic skill, making them a great way to blend learning with creativity.

MORE HOW TO CHOOSE THE RIGHT HOMESCHOOL HIGH SCHOOL SCIENCE

8 FACTS ABOUT SPOTTED EAGLE RAYS

First, look at these facts about spotted eagle rays.

  1. Spotted eagle rays are easy to recognize by their dark blue or black bodies covered in white spots. The wide pectoral fins that resemble wings give them a bird-like appearance as they “fly” through the water.
  2. They have very long tails, sometimes several times the length of their body, and some species have venomous spines near the base of the tail for defense.
  3. Spotted eagle rays are found in tropical and warm temperate waters around the world, often near coral reefs, bays, and coastal areas.
  4. They love to eat mollusks, crustaceans, and small fish, they use flattened teeth to crush shells. Their snouts are pointed and help them dig in the sand for food.
  5. These rays can grow up to 10 feet across and weigh over 500 pounds, though most are smaller.
  6. While sometimes they can be seen alone, spotted eagle rays are often spotted in groups, especially during migrations or feeding times.
  7. Like other rays, they breathe through spiracles, small openings located behind their eyes, allowing them to take in water even when resting on the sea floor.
  8. Spotted eagle rays are ovoviviparous, meaning the embryos develop inside eggs that stay inside the mother until they are ready to hatch. She gives birth to live young, typically 1–4 pups at a time.
High School Marine Life Art Ideas & Easy Eagle Ray Art

Whether you’re sculpting sea turtles, painting coral reefs, or sketching jellyfish, your teen will gain a deeper appreciation for the ocean while developing their artistic voice.

Today, I am sharing with you an easy step by step tutorial for creating a Spotted Eagle Ray in watercolor.

And I shared some wonderful facts above for your highschooler to learn about this magnificent ocean creature.

MARINE LIFE ART IDEAS

While I created this for elementary, many ideas, including the clay humpback whale can be adapted for highschool in my How to Make a Humpback Whale & More Zoology Activities for Elementary Students.

A simple tutorial for How to Draw a Starfish worthy of hanging on a wall.

If they really want to dive into a big project this Paper Mache Octopus : Craft Tutorial shares how to create a larger than life art piece that doubles as cool room decor.

Use this DIY Nautical Crab Stencil Wall Art on walls, notebooks, or a canvas.

Learn how to Sculpt a sea turtle from polymer clay

Watch this step by step video of a Coral Reef Painting Tutorial to create a base for marine life.

If you need inspiration for your art projects a favorite resource I have reached for in elementary through high school is Julia Rothman’s Ocean Anatomy.

High School Marine Life Art Ideas & Easy Eagle Ray Art

A decoupaged oyster shell is a trendy way to examine an oyster up close while creating a pretty art piece-Simple Oyster Shell Crafts For Kids And Mollusks Activities.

Create this Ocean Beach Painting from the video tutorial to display small bits of marine life like shells, sand dollars, etc

Finally, look at how to make this fun spotted eagle ray watercolor.

SPOTTED EAGLE RAY WATERCOLOR TUTORIAL

You will need:

High School Marine Life Art Ideas & Easy Eagle Ray Art

Tape off the edges of your watercolor paper with artist tape or other low tack tape.

This step is not necessary but I love the clean look it gives the page and also the border makes the painting pop.

High School Marine Life Art Ideas & Easy Eagle Ray Art

Start by sketching a large loose diamond shape.

High School Marine Life Art Ideas & Easy Eagle Ray Art

Erase each of the corners and round off the two on sides, making it a little flowy for the tip of the fins.

EAGLE RAY WATERCOLOR TUTORIAL

At the top- round the corner and give it a nose like this.

High School Marine Life Art Ideas & Easy Eagle Ray Art

For the back end draw a W inside a W shape on the bottom corner.

High School Marine Life Art Ideas & Easy Eagle Ray Art

Add a long slim tail.

Erase your lines so they are very faint and won’t show through your painting.

High School Marine Life Art Ideas & Easy Eagle Ray Art

Use the tip of a masking fluid pen or brush. And create spots all over the back of your eagle ray.

High School Marine Life Art Ideas & Easy Eagle Ray Art

Allow to dry.

While the masking fluid is drying you can paint the water. Dab 2-3 shades of blue all the way around on the remaining white of the watercolor paper.

High School Marine Life Art Ideas & Easy Eagle Ray Art

Darken it in areas and use a paper towel to absorb some of the paint to create a more complex water so it is not just flat.

High School Marine Life Art Ideas & Easy Eagle Ray Art

Use a smaller brush to outline inside the edges of your ray with a dark gray, you can use a bigger brush to fill it in if you like.

High School Marine Life Art Ideas & Easy Eagle Ray Art

Allow the ray to dry, then remove the masking fluid gently with your finger or a soft eraser to reveal the spots underneath.

High School Marine Life Art Ideas & Easy Eagle Ray Art

You can leave your painting as is if you wish but I like to take a fine black pen and outline the ray to define it a bit more.

High School Marine Life Art Ideas & Easy Eagle Ray Art

Don’t forget to add in the eyes as well.

High School Marine Life Art Ideas & Easy Eagle Ray Art

Peel off the tape all the way around, then you will have a clean, satisfying border.